Green diplomacy, as a theoretical concept, represents a complex field that has emerged at the intersection of international relations, ecology, and global sustainability. Theoretically, green diplomacy is based on several key concepts and approaches, including the theory of global governance, the concept of collective action, and the principles of sustainable development.

The theory of global governance forms the foundation of green diplomacy, emphasizing the need to create international institutions and mechanisms that facilitate the coordination of state actions in addressing global environmental threats. The core principle is that environmental problems, such as climate change, pollution, and natural resource degradation, cannot be resolved at the level of individual states, thus requiring collective responses and international cooperation. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015) are examples of such international regulations that have become critical to the theoretical development of green diplomacy as a method of global governance for environmental security.

The concept of collective action, developed by economist Mancur Olson, is also relevant to green diplomacy. This concept explains how groups, including states, can cooperate to achieve common goals, which in this case involve preserving global public goods, such as a clean environment and stable climate. Collective actions within green diplomacy aim to solve problems that cannot be effectively addressed through individual efforts. In this context, international agreements and alliances serve as forms of collective action aimed at combating shared environmental threats^[1].

The principles of sustainable development, first formalized in the Brundtland Commission’s report Our Common Future in 1987, underpin green diplomacy. These principles require ensuring development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Green diplomacy, in this sense, focuses on integrating environmental, social, and economic goals into international policy. Theoretically, green diplomacy relies on balancing development interests with environmental conservation, which is particularly relevant for countries like Tajikistan that aspire to economic growth while facing climate change threats.

With the development of its theoretical foundation, green diplomacy has also adopted forms influenced by various international relations theories, such as neoliberal institutionalism and constructivism. From the perspective of neoliberal institutionalism, the development of green diplomacy is linked to the need for international institutions and norms that regulate state behavior and encourage cooperation in environmental security. International conferences, protocols, and agreements exemplify how international institutions foster collaboration even amidst conflicting national interests.

A constructivist approach highlights the role of ideas, norms, and values in shaping international policy, including green diplomacy. In this context, environmental responsibility, sustainable development, and concern for future generations become socially constructed values that shape state behavior and their international commitments. For Tajikistan, the promotion of water and green diplomacy is also tied to its aspiration to present itself on the international stage as an environmentally responsible actor, solidifying its position as a leader in addressing regional environmental issues^[2].

The Republic of Tajikistan has made significant strides in promoting green diplomacy as a cornerstone of its foreign policy and sustainable development strategy. As a country endowed with vast natural resources, particularly water, Tajikistan’s approach to green diplomacy highlights its commitment to addressing global and regional environmental challenges while securing its developmental goals.

Tajikistan has adopted several strategic initiatives that reflect its dedication to sustainable development and green diplomacy. A prominent example is the «Strategy for the Development of a Green Economy for 2023–2037.» This ambitious document outlines key reforms aimed at improving the sustainable use of natural capital, fostering investment, and promoting innovative technologies. The strategy aligns with international standards and incorporates principles such as sustainable development, the ecosystem approach, and climate resilience.

One of the key features of Tajikistan’s green diplomacy is its reliance on water diplomacy. With more than 60% of Central Asia’s water resources originating within its borders, Tajikistan views water not only as a vital national asset but also as a cornerstone for regional cooperation and sustainable development. Its glaciers, which are critical for the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river systems, underscore the country’s central role in ensuring water security in Central Asia. Tajikistan’s policies emphasize rational water resource management, with a focus on transboundary cooperation and equitable distribution among neighboring countries.

Tajikistan has consistently utilized international platforms to advocate for global and regional action on environmental issues. The country has spearheaded multiple water-focused initiatives at the United Nations, including the proclamation of the «International Year of Freshwater» (2003), the «International Decade for Action, Water for Life» (2005–2015), and the «International Decade for Action, Water for Sustainable Development» (2018–2028). These initiatives aim to raise global awareness about water-related challenges and promote the adoption of sustainable practices for managing this critical resource.

The hosting of international conferences on water and climate issues in Dushanbe has further solidified Tajikistan’s leadership role. These conferences serve as a platform for policymakers, scientists, and international organizations to collaborate on innovative solutions for transboundary water management, climate adaptation, and sustainable development in Central Asia. By actively promoting dialogue and cooperation, Tajikistan seeks to position itself as a regional leader in environmental diplomacy^[3].

Tajikistan is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, facing challenges such as glacier retreat, extreme weather events, and increased water scarcity. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the country has experienced a 1.1°C rise in average annual temperature over the past few decades. This has led to accelerated glacier melting, reduced water availability, and heightened risks of floods, droughts, and landslides.

In response to these challenges, Tajikistan has developed comprehensive climate adaptation strategies. Its «National Adaptation Program of Action» and the «Program on Adaptation to Climate Change for the Period up to 2030» focus on enhancing resilience across critical sectors, including agriculture, water management, and infrastructure. Specific measures include modernizing irrigation systems, introducing climate-resilient agricultural technologies, and strengthening disaster risk management^[4].

Agriculture is a vital sector for Tajikistan, employing approximately 60% of the population and contributing significantly to the country’s GDP. However, land degradation, caused by deforestation, soil erosion, and overgrazing, poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity. In response, Tajikistan has launched initiatives to restore degraded lands and promote sustainable farming practices. These efforts include:

• Agroforestry Projects: Planting trees and shrubs to stabilize soil and prevent erosion.
• Irrigation Improvements: Implementing advanced irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation to reduce water waste.
• Soil Fertility Programs: Enhancing soil quality through the use of organic and mineral fertilizers.
• Sustainable Farming Practices: Promoting crop rotation and conservation agriculture to maintain land productivity.

These initiatives align with international best practices and support Tajikistan’s commitment to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).

Hydropower plays a central role in Tajikistan’s efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy. Approximately 95% of the country’s electricity is generated from hydropower, making it one of the most energy-efficient nations in the region. As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Tajikistan has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 10–20% by 2030, contingent on international financial and technical support.

The country is also exploring opportunities to diversify its renewable energy portfolio, including investments in solar and wind energy projects. These efforts aim to enhance energy security, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and contribute to global climate mitigation efforts.

Given its position as the source of major water systems in Central Asia, Tajikistan emphasizes the importance of transboundary water cooperation. The country advocates for the establishment of institutional mechanisms to ensure the equitable and sustainable management of shared water resources. Tajikistan’s leadership in water diplomacy reflects its commitment to promoting regional stability and addressing water-related conflicts.

Tajikistan collaborates with international organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and the World Bank to secure technical and financial support for its green initiatives. These partnerships have enabled Tajikistan to implement projects aimed at improving water access, enhancing climate resilience, and promoting sustainable land management.

One notable success is the UNDP-supported project that improved access to clean drinking water for over 100,000 people in rural areas. Such initiatives not only enhance the country’s environmental resilience but also contribute to its socio-economic development by reducing poverty and improving the quality of life for vulnerable communities.

Despite its proactive approach, Tajikistan faces several challenges in advancing its green diplomacy agenda:

• Limited Financial Resources: The country relies heavily on international funding to implement large-scale environmental projects.
• Climate Vulnerabilities: Increasing frequency and intensity of climate disasters strain the country’s infrastructure and resources.
• Regional Water Disputes: Balancing national interests with regional cooperation on transboundary water management remains a complex issue.

However, Tajikistan’s unwavering commitment to green diplomacy offers significant opportunities for enhancing its international profile and fostering sustainable development. By leveraging its natural resources and strengthening international partnerships, the country can continue to lead regional efforts in addressing environmental challenges and building resilience against climate change^[5].

Through its green diplomacy initiatives, Tajikistan not only addresses pressing environmental issues but also positions itself as a responsible and proactive member of the international community. Its leadership in water and climate diplomacy sets an example for other nations and underscores the importance of collective action in achieving global sustainability goals.

Tajikistan actively collaborates with international organizations like UNDP, FAO, and IFAD to attract technical and financial support for sustainable agriculture and land restoration programs. These projects not only improve the country’s environmental situation but also positively impact the socio-economic development of rural communities, providing access to sustainable income sources and reducing dependence on adverse climatic conditions.

Through international cooperation, water diplomacy, and global initiatives, Tajikistan aims to ensure sustainable development and preserve its unique natural resources for future generations. Green diplomacy in Tajikistan continues to play a crucial role in maintaining regional stability and environmental protection, drawing on scientific theories and practical solutions to effectively respond to contemporary global challenges.

In the long-term perspective, green diplomacy will be instrumental in strengthening Central Asia’s resilience to climate change and ensuring the well-being of future generations in the face of global environmental challenges.

[1] Oberthür S. Green Diplomacy: Theory and Practice in International Environmental Relations. Global Environmental Politics, 2001, 1(4), Р. 58–77.

[2] Sachs J. D. Sustainable Development for the 21st Century: Solutions and Strategies. Princeton University Press, 2023, pp. 123-188.

[3] Emomali Rahmon Initiative to Establish an International Glacier Protection Fund. Presentation at the International Climate Conference, 2023// https://mfa.tj/en/berlin/view/7222/202103031614790902

[4] Emomali Rahmon Address at the 79th Session of the UN General Assembly. New York 24. 09.2024//UN Website

[5] Emomali Rahmon Address at the 79th Session of the UN General Assembly. New York 24. 09.2024//UN Website