1. Introduction

According to 2019 data, cooperation between the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation in the field of healthcare demonstrates positive dynamics. This is evidenced by the statement of the Minister of Health and Welfare of South Korea, Park Neung-hoo, made in March 2019 within the framework of the Medical Korea conference and the KIMES exhibition (TASS Corr. Stanislav Varivoda, March 14, Seoul) [1].

The Minister emphasized that the signing of a memorandum of cooperation between the ministries of health of both countries served as a catalyst for the development of partnerships in various fields. Particular attention is paid to the development of medicine based on information and communication technologies (ICT) and programs for the exchange of experience and internships for medical personnel.

Thus, in 2018, a training program was implemented for Russian medical workers and representatives of pharmaceutical companies in South Korea. In turn, the Korean delegation visited Russia to study the possibilities for implementing joint business projects, in particular, in the field of ICT implementation in healthcare in the Far Eastern region. This initiative aims to ensure equal access to health services for all citizens of the region, demonstrating the desire to deepen and expand cooperation between the countries in the field of health.

Russia-South Korea healthcare cooperation continues to develop, based on specific initiatives and exchange of experience in medical technologies. South Korea, as a leader in the production of modern medical equipment, provides the Russian healthcare system with many opportunities for modernization. This mutually beneficial cooperation can significantly benefit the quality and accessibility of healthcare services in Russia, since Korean experience in managing the healthcare system is a valuable resource for Russian specialists [13]. Both countries have unique medical education systems and highly qualified doctors. It is important to dispel myths about the low level of medicine in these countries, since doctors from both countries study at renowned educational institutions and successfully perform complex surgeries. Analysis of the healthcare system of the Republic of Korea can reveal ways for Russia to adapt advanced practices and technologies, such as telemedicine and digital solutions, which are especially relevant after the pandemic [5]. For example, the South Korean Ministry of Health announced that, in accordance with current regulations, doctor-to-patient telemonitoring is allowed for certain diseases, including diabetes and peritoneal dialysis, as well as in case of serious alert levels associated with infectious diseases [2].

The need for active exchange of information and experience has become more acute in light of the new challenges posed by COVID-19. Both countries can benefit from joint research and development in the field of innovative medical technologies. In this context, South Korea’s experience in telemedicine and the use of digital platforms is becoming particularly attractive to Russia.

There are already existing cooperation formats, such as scientific conferences and exchange programs, which help to build mutual understanding and exchange scientific knowledge between specialists and institutions. The main goal is to create sustainable mechanisms for deeper interaction at the level of institutes and universities, which can lead to the creation of joint educational programs and research initiatives [12].

A key aspect of this cooperation also remains work with young specialists in the field of medicine, which should include internships and training at leading research institutions and clinics in both countries. This is suitable for the formation of a personnel reserve that will be able to both implement new technologies and effectively manage healthcare in their countries [3].

Work on the integration of the healthcare systems of Russia and South Korea entails the need for both legislative changes and attracting funding for the implementation of joint programs. Sustainable and productive cooperation between Russia and South Korea in the field of healthcare can become the basis for achieving common goals of improving the health of citizens of both countries and developing their medical systems.

2. Material and methods

Modern medical technologies are an important factor in improving the quality of healthcare and increasing the availability of medical care. In this context, cooperation between Russia and South Korea is a promising area that allows both countries to integrate unique achievements in the field of medicine.

South Korea is one of the world leaders in the production of medical equipment. Comparative data show that there are six times more MRI machines per capita in South Korea than in Russia [13]. This indicates a high level of equipment in medical institutions, which allows for complex diagnostic procedures and improves the quality of treatment. For example, Korean medicine actively uses robot-assisted technologies, which dramatically increases the accuracy and effectiveness of surgical operations [5].

The use of big data and artificial intelligence technologies is considered one of the most promising areas for the development of Korean medicine. According to forecasts, the volume of this segment of the medical market in Korea will reach $ 2 billion by 2020 and will continue to grow rapidly, exceeding $ 25 billion by 2030.

Initially, these technologies found application in the latest diagnostic devices. In addition to the standard provision of images and test results, modern diagnostic systems equipped with AI offer the doctor their own opinion on the probable diagnosis and recommended treatment plan. Although the final decision remains with the medical specialist, the machine opinion serves as a valuable additional resource. At the same time, the equipment is constantly “learning”, accumulating information about confirmed diagnoses and improving its analytical capabilities. Another important function is the prediction of potential diseases as part of regular medical examinations.

In addition, a number of medical institutions in South Korea, such as Anam Hospital at Korea University in Seoul and Busan University Hospital, have implemented «voice keyboard» technologies since last year. This innovation significantly simplifies the process of maintaining medical records. Doctors can enter patient data and treatment progress using voice input, eliminating the need to manually fill out electronic medical records and freeing medical staff from additional administrative burden. The speech recognition system automatically converts spoken information into text format using standard electronic medical record templates [22].

For example, studies show that the use of artificial intelligence in the analysis of medical data can significantly reduce diagnostic time and improve treatment outcomes [18].

In addition, Russia can adopt the practices used in South Korea to organize the work of medical institutions. The Korean model focuses on continuous training and advanced training of medical personnel, which contributes to higher standards of service quality [3]. An important aspect is also the availability of innovative medical technologies for the population, which can be realized through the creation of joint projects in this area. The introduction of joint platforms for medical research will allow both countries to internationalize their developments. Dependence on data and research of new equipment can lead to the creation of new jobs and focus efforts on scientific research, which will ultimately affect the quality of the entire healthcare system [13]. Such exchanges can include both studying the Korean experience and attracting domestic specialists to work in Korea, which will help enrich both sides with experience and knowledge.

The implementation of these initiatives requires a clear discussion of legislative and financial aspects. Cooperation can be significantly accelerated through the creation of joint research centers where specialists from both countries will work.

In specialized medical institutions, an assessment and adaptation of Korean experience in the field of disease prevention and patient rehabilitation can be carried out, which would be beneficial for both parties, given the cultural and historical characteristics [9].

The integration of modern medical technologies and the exchange of experience between Russia and South Korea can lead to significant improvements in both the quality of medical care and in accessibility for citizens of both countries.

South Korea continues to show strong growth in the medical tourism sector, as does Russia, which opens up opportunities for further cooperation between the countries. In recent years, the number of foreigners residing in the country for the purpose of receiving medical services has increased by 30% annually. As of 2019, more than 17.5 million tourists visited South Korea, of which about 497 thousand were for medical tourism, which allows Russia to rank fourth among foreign patients [9].

The high quality of medical services in South Korea is becoming an important factor attracting patients from all over the world. The country ranks 14th in the world medical tourism index with a score of 68.81 [8]. This contributes not only to the increase in the flow of foreign patients, but also to the development of multidisciplinary medical institutions that offer many unique and high-quality services. At the same time, Russia is also developing its medical services, creating competitive conditions for the international patient. Both countries can benefit from the exchange of experience and technology in this area. Problems and myths about the quality of education and services in both countries are being debunked, which helps to create a positive image of medical institutions [6]. For example, the results of clinical studies show that patients considering treatment in South Korea highlight the high standards of medical care and the level of education of doctors. This emphasizes the importance of integration and mutual recognition of the qualifications of medical workers.

Studying the difficulties faced by both sides is of paramount importance. One of the problems remains bureaucratic complications, differences in Russian and Korean legislation. In addition, it is necessary to promote the possibilities of medical tourism through joint marketing campaigns that involve the active use of modern technologies to reach the target audience, including social networks and Internet platforms.

An important step in improving medical tourism can be the development of joint educational programs that allow medical workers from both countries to exchange knowledge and experience. Participation of doctors in international conferences and symposia will help to create a network of professional contacts and simplify interaction in the process of providing medical services [5]. Effective coordination of joint initiatives can not only improve the health of citizens of both countries, but also lead to significant economic benefits for each state.

Mental health is becoming an important part of the overall strategic healthcare agenda in Russia and South Korea. Both countries are facing growing mental health problems, but there are successful practices that can be adapted through cooperation. An analysis of the mental health system in South Korea demonstrates a high level of integration of mental health into general healthcare, from prevention to rehabilitation. For example, Korea is actively developing programs aimed at reducing the stigma of mental illness, which promotes a more open discussion of these topics among the cross-cutting population [13].

A similar trend is observed in Russia — the need to improve public knowledge about mental health. Research shows that the level of awareness of various aspects of mental health is still low, which leads to insufficient assistance to those who need it [7]. The South Korean experience can be transformed in the context of Russian realities, which will help to increase awareness and accessibility of mental health care.

One of the successful examples is the introduction of cognitive behavioral therapy methods both in South Korea and in some Russian institutions. In Korea, this approach is actively used in the treatment of both patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders and in the prevention of deeper mental health problems [5]. There are similar initiatives in Russia, but they need to be supported by higher levels of funding and political will to achieve real change.

Joint projects in the educational sphere can be a useful tool for exchanging experience. For example, programs for training mental health specialists developed in South Korea can be adapted and implemented in Russia. This could include joint courses and workshops where psychiatrists and psychologists from both countries could share specialized methods that demonstrate effectiveness [3].

Problem areas such as access to mental health care, the need to improve technology for providing care and supporting mental health require active partnership. The introduction of telemedicine systems, actively used in Korea, could significantly facilitate the accessibility of mental health for remote areas of Russia. The introduction of technologies and methods tested in one of the countries will save time and resources when adapting to the context of another.

Cooperation between Russia and South Korea in the healthcare sector requires not only the exchange of experience and technology, but also the training of highly qualified personnel. This important task is at the forefront of the strategic interaction between the countries, since the lack of qualified specialists can become a serious obstacle to the successful implementation of joint initiatives. Educational programs are key to the formation of a sustainable system of training personnel in the healthcare sector. It is important for both parties to develop joint initiatives focused on the exchange of knowledge and experience. One example is the educational programs and scholarships provided by South Korean universities for Russian students, which contributes to increased interest in studying in partner countries [5]. In addition, events such as the exchange of specialists and internship programs allow doctors and medical workers to become familiar with new methods, technologies and approaches in practice. There are already positive examples of such exchanges: specialists from Russia visiting South Korea can adopt advanced experience in the field of innovative technologies and treatment methods, which is subsequently reflected in the level of medical care [13]. It should be noted that a significant portion of students from both countries are interested in studying in the field of medicine, which creates an opportunity to expand educational programs and improve their quality. The participation of Russian students in the KGSP program, aimed at attracting foreign students to South Korea, demonstrates a real example of the successful implementation of such initiatives [14]. Such programs not only help develop the necessary skills, but also strengthen cultural and professional ties between young specialists. To achieve success in the training of medical personnel, it is critically important to develop programs focused on modern requirements and trends in medicine. Evaluation and monitoring of such programs can contribute to their adaptation to changing conditions in healthcare, which is interesting and useful for both parties [3]. The creation and implementation of joint educational programs in the field of medicine will ensure a higher level of training of specialists and open new horizons for cooperation between Russia and South Korea in the field of healthcare. The positive results of such initiatives will impact the health of citizens of both countries, which is the main goal of joint cooperation.

The existing legislative frameworks in Russia and South Korea are an important aspect for effective cooperation in the field of healthcare. In South Korea, the healthcare system is structured more effectively than in Russia. The indicators of financing and satisfaction of citizens in Korea are at a high level, which ensures the availability and quality of medical services [13]. In this context, it is necessary to take into account that Russia needs regulatory changes, in particular, a revision of the draft law «On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation» to improve integration with South Korean standards [3]. Legislative initiatives in Russia often face barriers that hinder the effective implementation of joint programs. For example, the insufficiently developed system of self-regulation of medical professionalism creates legal nuances that hinder the exchange of experience between specialists of the two countries [15]. The existing legislation in Korea is more advanced in terms of medical education and regulation of medical tourism, which makes their experience valuable for study and implementation in Russia [10]. An analysis of existing norms and standards in a number of countries, including South Korea, shows that the system of regulation of medical tourism is one of the key factors contributing to the development of the industry. It is important to study successful models of legal regulation in order to adapt them to Russian conditions [17]. The use of best practices can help improve both the quality of medical services and provide an opportunity to implement joint initiatives aimed at attracting tourists seeking medical services.

The main focus should be on not only legislative changes, but also the implementation of specific programs aimed at developing infrastructure. For example, the creation of common medical schools, exchange programs between medical institutions can facilitate the transfer of knowledge and skills necessary to improve the quality of healthcare [15].

To achieve sustainable cooperation, it is necessary to adapt the laws and regulations of both countries so that they contribute to easier and higher-quality interaction in the field of healthcare. The process requires a high degree of flexibility and understanding that only through active cooperation can the health of citizens in both countries be significantly improved and an effective legal basis for long-term and comprehensive relations in the field of healthcare can be created.

Stimulating joint healthcare initiatives between Russia and South Korea requires the creation of an effective financial infrastructure that can meet the needs of both countries. It is important to note that healthcare financing in South Korea is significantly higher than in Russia. According to data, the share of healthcare financing from out-of-pocket medical payments in Russia is 27.76% of total expenditure, which is higher than in most OECD countries, where this figure is 18% [3]. This creates the preconditions for an active discussion of possible financing models that could reduce the burden on the population and guarantee access to quality medical services.

One of the key opportunities for financing joint programs may be attracting international investment. Russia and South Korea may consider creating joint funds that aim to improve healthcare through technological innovation. For example, in 2019, Russia’s total imports from South Korea amounted to $8,002 million, indicating stable economic ties between the countries [13]. This can be facilitated by creating favorable regulatory conditions so that investors see potential profit in such projects.

In addition, using a multi-level approach to financing can significantly improve the efficiency of investments. This includes both public and private funding, as well as funding from international organizations and foundations. OECD countries often use a comprehensive insurance system, which allows for the redistribution of financial flows more efficiently, taking into account the needs of the population [21]. Such models can be adapted to the Russian-Korean context.

It is also important to consider cooperation models based on the exchange of experience in medical education and training of specialists. Not only in the field of traditional multidisciplinary practice, but also in the field of preventive medicine and addictology. South Korea’s successful experience in this area can be useful for Russia, especially in light of the growing mental health problems.

Overcoming existing barriers to financing is also an important task. In 2021, per capita healthcare spending in Russia lagged significantly behind Korean standards, which requires significant changes in legislation and the financial structure [4]. The creation of joint working groups focused specifically on legislation and financing can accelerate the integration process.

These elements can form the basis for recommendations for the implementation of joint programs. Clear steps are needed to facilitate coordination of the two countries’ actions in the area of ​​healthcare. The key will be the creation of measurable success criteria and a mechanism for monitoring the fulfilled commitments. Joint initiatives can become a breakthrough not only for the healthcare of both countries, but also affect the economic and social aspects of their interaction.

3. Results of the study and their discussion.

Healthcare cooperation between Russia and South Korea faces many problems and challenges that may slow down progress and become an obstacle to successful integration of initiatives. One of the most significant aspects is the differences in the healthcare systems of the two countries. The established system in South Korea implies a high level of private sector and active implementation of new technologies, while in Russia, state management and financing still dominate, which may hinder the rapid exchange of knowledge and technologies [13].

In addition, the language barrier is a serious challenge to effective interaction between specialists from both countries. The lack of the necessary level of understanding can lead to misunderstandings or distortion of information, which in turn will reduce the quality of training programs and exchange of experience [19]. The lack of prevalence of a common language is not just a lexical barrier, but also a cultural gap that needs to be overcome.

It is also worth noting that the current state of international relations, including political and economic sanctions, may complicate direct investment and joint projects in the field of healthcare. As practice shows, countries with high economic interdependence find it much easier to organize joint efforts, which is not typical for Russian-Korean relations due to their geopolitical situation [5].

Cultural differences can also create barriers. South Korea is at the stage of active implementation of innovative approaches and practices, while in Russia the implementation of new methods may be hampered by outdated approaches and insufficient adaptation to change [3]. This not only affects the ability of both parties to understand and adapt to best practices, but may also affect the willingness of local specialists to learn new technologies.

Financing is another important issue. Budget depletion, as well as insufficient allocation of funds for healthcare development, can complicate the implementation of joint initiatives. In the context of limited resources, countries will have to look for alternative ways of financing, including external investment and private sector participation, which may be difficult to implement in practice [16].

Overcoming these challenges requires a comprehensive analysis and development of strategies that will take into account the unique characteristics of each party and are aimed at creating more effective and flexible cooperation in the field of healthcare.

Prospects for joint cooperation between Russia and South Korea in the healthcare sector require the development of specific recommendations based on the experience of both countries. The first step towards effective interaction is the exchange of developments in the field of medical technologies. South Korea has demonstrated the ability to quickly adapt medical systems to meet the needs of citizens in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, using innovative solutions such as mass testing and contact tracing [20]. Russia, in turn, can benefit from such approaches by introducing more flexible models for responding to public health threats.

An important component of joint programs is the development of medical tourism, where South Korea has already achieved significant success. Competition in the international arena requires Russia to intensify its efforts in this area in order to increase its attractiveness to foreign patients. For example, the transfer of Korean experience in the field of creating medical packages and services can significantly expand the range of services offered [13]. Russia can take into account successful marketing strategies and the correct positioning of medical services [3].

One of the key aspects is the education and exchange of specialists. Improving the training of medical personnel is the basis for improving the quality of healthcare. The implementation of joint educational initiatives and internship programs will allow Russian specialists to adopt successful practices of their South Korean colleagues, adapting them to local conditions [5]. It is also worth considering the possibility of working together to develop new educational programs and courses that reflect current trends in medicine. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the legislative framework to support joint initiatives. This includes simplifying the licensing and certification procedures for medical institutions, as well as creating a legal environment conducive to the inflow of investment. Promising areas may concern both the medical and educational spheres, which will allow both parties to obtain mutual benefits [11].

Conclusion

Cooperation between Russia and South Korea in healthcare has great potential to improve the health of citizens of both countries. Exchange of experience and technology is especially important in the context of globalization. The work examined medical technologies, medical tourism, mental health and training of specialists.

The analysis showed success in joint initiatives, especially in technology exchange. Advanced Korean technologies can modernize the Russian healthcare system. Medical tourism is another promising area. Joint programs will attract patients and create jobs. Coordination between clinics and tour operators is important for success. Joint workshops and exchange of specialists will help raise awareness and develop effective methods of solution. Joint educational programs and student exchange will improve the qualifications of medical specialists and improve the quality of services.

However, there are challenges, including differences in legislation and funding issues. Clear strategies are needed to overcome these barriers.

In conclusion, the prospects for cooperation between Russia and South Korea in healthcare are promising. Developing and strengthening this cooperation will improve the level of healthcare and strengthen relations between the countries.