Аннотация: This article analyzes models of state–Islam interaction in secular Muslim-majority countries — Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Indonesia. The author demonstrates that secularism in these countries does not imply separation of religion from the state, but rather its subordination and instrumentalization for purposes of legitimizing power, nation-building, and controlling radicalism. Despite differences, all models share state dominance, promotion of “official Islam,” and suppression of political Islam. The sustainability of these models in the 21st century depends on states’ ability to balance control with freedom of religious expression.