In connection with the active digitalization of medicine and healthcare, as well as the introduction of digital transformation into medical processes, the relevance of introducing robots should be noted.in the work of physicians.

Robotic surgery (robot-assisted surgery) is surgery using a robot during surgery.

The main historical aspects of the development of robotic surgery should be noted:

• 1983— Arthrobot was developed, with the participation of which an orthopedic operation was performed on March 12, 1984
• 1985– using the PUMA 560 robot, a needle was changed during a brain biopsy
• 1987– the first laparoscopic operation, cholecystectomy, with the participation of a robot
• 1988– in the UK, Imperial College London developed Probot, the first robot involved in prostate surgery
• 1992– ROBODOC is used to take precise measurements for hip replacements

1997and further — the era of the Da Vinci system begins.

The following can be distinguished as methods for managing surgical instruments:

• semi-automatic — direct control by the surgeon of a remote telemanipulator to perform movements associated with the operation.
• automatic — carrying out mass standard operations completely under the control of the robot.

The following existing surgical robots should be highlighted:

• Da Vinci — robotic system for laparoscopic operations
• The ZEUS robotic system allows the use of both traditional instruments for laparoscopic surgery and instruments with 7 degrees of freedom.
• R2D2 (Robotic Retinal Dissection Device) — Oxford University engineers have created a robot for eye surgery.
• ARTAS robot for hair transplantation robot for skull surgery RoBoSculpt

Some of the benefits of robotic surgery include:

• Minimal pain after surgery
• Reducing the risk of wound infection
• Reducing the need for blood transfusions
• Fast recovery and short postoperative period
• Minimal risk of complications associated with conventional surgery
• Improved cosmetic effect due to the absence of large postoperative scars
• Elimination of the risk of infection of the surgeon

Disadvantages of robotic surgery:

The most well-known shortcomings in the implementation of minimally invasive laparoscopic operations include: the lack of tactile feedback, the limitation of the surgeon’s movements by the technical capabilities of the working instrument, the lack of a three-dimensional image that interferes with coordination and reduces maneuverability. The high cost of the robot and, consequently, operations.

Robot-assisted surgical system «da Vinci»(English da Vinci Surgical System) — a device for surgical operations.

Mass-produced by Intuitive Surgical. Used in hundreds of clinics around the world.

Consists of two blocks, the first is designed for the surgeon-operator, and the second — a four-armed robotic arm — is an actuating device.

One of the “hands” of the robot holds a video camera that transmits an image of the operated area, the other two reproduce the movements made by the surgeon in real time, and the fourth “hand” performs the functions of a surgeon’s assistant.

The surgeon sits down at the console, which makes it possible to see the operated area in 3D with multiple magnification and uses special joysticks to control the instruments.

The mass of the apparatus is half a ton. The cost of the da Vinci system is $2 million.

Twenty-five da Vinci surgical systems have been installed in Russia (in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ufa, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don and Russky Island)

Operations performed using the Da Vinci robot:

• Hysterectomy and myomectomy
• Radical prostatectomy
• Mitral valve repair
• Myocardial revascularization
• Ablation of heart tissue
• Installation of an epicardial pacemaker for biventricular resynchronization
• Gastric bypass
• Fundoplication according to Nissen
• Spine surgery, disc replacement
• Thymectomy — surgery to remove the thymus gland
• Lung lobectomy
• Esophagectomy
• Mediastinal tumor resection
• Pyeloplasty
• Pyelophagoectoplasty
• Bladder removal
• Radical nephrectomy and kidney resection
• Reimplantation of the ureter
• Thyroidectomy
• Tonsillectomy

Thus, within the framework of the article, the need for digitalization and digital transformation of medical processes in medicine and healthcare was substantiated.

The main aspects of the use of roboticassistedsurgery.