1. INTRODUCTION

According to a statistical study conducted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection for 2018-2024, industrial accidents and acute poisoning are high in the construction and mining sectors. Today, the control and administrative methods for the prevention of hazards and risks issued by the National Institute of International Occupational Safety and Health are used in practice. Many measures are taken in the field of labor safety and hygiene in Prastik, but the number of industrial accidents and acute poisoning does not decrease. In recent years, researchers from countries such as Canada, the United States, and Australia (Estacio, 2019), (Geller, 2001) have concluded that safety management methods aimed at changing the attitudes, attitudes, and behaviors of factory workers in the workplace are yielding results.

If you do not create a positive workplace culture when introducing the HSE management system, it will be ineffective. Despite the introduction of the HSE management system «ISO 45001» in the industrial sector, the organizational culture is not improving. Therefore, management activities aimed at solving problems when they are detected should be directed to preventive activities. The number of accidents in Mongolia’s construction industry has not decreased in recent years. For example, industrial accidents in 2023 increased by 13 cases compared to the previous year. A report by the International Labor Organization noted that in 2018, the number of deaths and disabling injuries in the construction industry was three times higher than in any other industry.

According to Heinrich’s classic Domino theory, 88 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe behavior. Analyzing the causes of dangerous behavior of construction site workers allows for the creation of effective management measures to regulate their behavior and reduce accidents. Based on this, building safety management is focused on two types: Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Under the existing BBS approach, managers are responsible for observing employee behavior and implement a top-down process. For example, behavior-based safety research theory scientists argue for positive or negative interventions in employee behavior, receiving feedback, paying attention to the positive consequences of behavior, using incentives to support positive behavior, and using relevant methodologies to summarize information.

1. THEORETICAL REVIEW STUDY

In the last 100 years, occupational health and safety research trends have become more comprehensive internationally. As a result, many lives were saved. International statistics and industry studies show that workplace deaths and serious accidents were common until the early 1900s. For example: According to a study of workplace accidents, more than 500 workers died annually in Pennsylvania alone, and more than 1,500 workers were seriously injured (Eastman, 1910). According to the 1998 United States Labor Force Statistics, 18,000-23,000 workers died in workplace accidents each year (National safety council, 1998).

According to the US National Safety Council, workplace deaths fell from 37 per 100,000 workers between 1933 and 1997 to 4 per 100,000 workers. This meant that the annual death rate fell from 14,500 to 5,000, even as the labor force grew from 39 million to 130 million.(National safety council, 1998) While regulatory changes and improvements have had a positive impact on outcomes, workplace safety remains a challenging issue. Advances in technology, changes in the design of used equipment, use of personal protective equipment, and improvements in the organization’s safety culture have made significant progress toward a safer workplace.Гэсэн хэдий ч ажлын байрны аюулгүй ажиллагааны зөрчлийн тоо их хэвээр байна. It is laudable that more research is being done on reducing the number of other accidents and creating safer workplaces by taking appropriate measures and achieving better results.

It must be recognized that the field of occupational safety and health is broad and encompasses many fields of study, including law, engineering, medicine, sociology, health, business, and psychology. In order to reduce accidents and violations of health and safety, continuous research work has been carried out and international rules and programs have been implemented. In the 1980s, in order to reduce accidents, more attention was paid to product design, and changes were made in terms of closing dangerous parts of equipment and making operation safer. In the 1990s, more regulatory controls were implemented. However, starting from 2020, more attention is being paid to programs to improve and develop a safety culture based on psychology and attitude towards people and communities.

Source: Prepared by the researcher

Figure 1. Evolution of the HSE system

Over the past 100 years, occupational health and safety management has focused first on changing management systems, then on building a safety culture, and more recently on implementing behavior-based safety programs. George Miller (Miller.G) in 1969 called for «the study of the science of human behavior to focus on individual behavior and psychological problems». The American Psychological Association launched a program called «10 Years of Behavior» with the support of 53 scientific organizations in the areas of education, health, politics, labor safety, and economic development to solve the problems facing society. Since this time, the term «behavior-based safety» has been used in HSE research.

Based on the theoretical development of labor safety and hygiene, modern trends, and the concepts of scientists, a number of research methods have been developed and are still developing. Research works and works carried out in this field are still significant.

Scientist E. Scott Geller (E.Scott.Geller 1999) is one of the first researchers to study the role and influence of the cultural attitude of the HSE in the development of the HSE management system of the organization and the attitude of the employees about the correct behavior. The scientist is E. Scott. Jeller (Geller,E.S.2001) found behavior-based safety programs, short-term training, and mentoring effective in improving workplace behaviors and relationships.

There are seven basic principles that apply to behavior-based security (Jeller, 2001). Although each principle is broad enough to cover a range of activities, an organization can use it to develop cost-effective procedures in accordance with its OHS management system.

The purpose of the 7E principle is to make employees aware of their responsibility to keep themselves and others safe from hazards by increasing their participation in safety operations.

 Table 1

7E principles of occupational safety management

For workers in the construction industry, it is difficult to implement a behavior-based safety program due to the short or seasonal work hours and the irregular nature of the workers (Ringen, 1995).

In permanent workplaces, it is easier to control the behavior of employees. However, every time the working conditions and environment change, employees’ perceptions of safety and risks change, so planning and research are important when applying this method to short-term or seasonal projects (Cooper, 2000).

• PART OF THE RESEARCH

In 2019, Zaira and Hadikusumo conducted exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with bystander intervention to identify behavioral safety in the workplace. The results show that occupational safety and health management has a positive effect on worker participation. This approach is based on behaviorism theory, which focuses on observable behaviors and attitudes rather than unobservable approaches to safety behavior.

Behavior is a person’s response to external or internal stimuli. In the last decade, (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980), (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) have conducted many studies on action theory.

According to the theory, behavior is determined by behavioral intentions. This theory states that behavior is influenced by behavioral intentions, which depend on attitudes and subjective norms towards the action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). For this study, behavior refers to observable actions because observable practices are more important in ensuring the safety of construction site workers.

Behavioral attitudes determine how people behave at work. You can learn about someone’s attitude by observing how they behave and act in that place. According to McSween (2003), if we change people’s safety habits, their attitudes towards safety will follow positively, especially if their co-workers adopt better safety habits. Heinrich (1959) estimated that 85% of accidents were due to unsafe practices. Blackmon and Gramopadhyay (1995) stated that 98% of all accidents are caused by unsafe behaviour. OHS (2002) found that 80-90% of all workplace accidents and incidents are caused by unsafe behaviour. Only a systematic focus on unsafe behavior on construction sites can reduce accidents and improve safety performance (Чоудхри ба Фанг, 2008, Чоудхри, 2012). For example, not holding the handrails when going up and down stairs, not cleaning up equipment after work, and not maintaining orderliness in the workplace are risky behaviors of construction workers. Triggers for risky behavior include a variety of failures in accident-related management systems. These triggers often include finishing work, being overworked, rushing to meet production norms, competing with leaders, construction schedules, lack of safety training, and unavailability of equipment and materials (Behavioral Safety 2012). Some of the motivating factors are directly under the control of management and employees. For example, poor cleaning of the workplace, use of inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE), etc.

According to the accident pyramid, Heinrich (1959) estimated that for every 300 unsafe acts, there are 29 minor injuries and 1 serious injury. In other words, the ratio of serious, light and non-injury accidents was suggested as 1:29:300. Accepting Heinrich’s theory of accident causation, which states that minor injuries from risky behaviors lead to major accidents and injuries over time, safety managers and company leaders can prevent fatalities and serious injuries if they manage risky behaviors. A good senior management safety program begins with a thorough assessment of construction workers’ on-the-job behaviors, a Job Safety Analysis (JSA), and then the development of written Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) for each construction activity (Hinze, 1997).

1. Scott Geller, one of the representatives of the theory of occupational safety based on behavior, developed the «ABC» model in order to understand human nature and morality, and to provide intervention when the behavior is unacceptable.

According to researcher E. Scott Jeller’s theory, trainers and counselors should teach the ABC model in order to understand and study employee behavior and create interventions against unacceptable behavior.

A-Activator or specific behavior

B-Operations Affecting Detection

C- Consequences after behavior is detected

When trainers seek and guide employees to adopt positive behaviors, consequences act as incentives to adopt positive behaviors. This model was tested by B. Fern and L. Alzamora, improving the AVS model and improving it to the «AVSO» model. «O» of this model implemented the model.

Looking at the number of science-based behavioral safety research projects being conducted at the international level, it is observed that it has increased year by year. It can be seen that in recent years, behavior-based safety has become an important area of ​​research for occupational safety and health management researchers.

Source: (Li Xingwei, 2019)

Figure 2. Research activities in the field of behavior-based security

Scott Jeller studied employee safety behaviors in 20 industries and found that behavior-based safety training is effective (Scott Geller, 1999).

Lingard and Rawlinson found in their research that behavior-based safety practices can significantly improve construction site management performance (Lingard, 1997).

Correlation between behavior-based safety and OHS standards: An empirical level study of behavior that can be used to develop policies and measures to improve employee behavior (Ann S, 2015). He says that by emulating positive behavior from staff, it is possible to create policies and interventions that improve behavior within the group. Following a study of safety behaviors among construction workers in the United States, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia, the research team came up with the following definitions. Employee safe behavior influenced perceived management norms and perceived work group norms, and personal attitudes influenced organizational management norms and safe behaviors (Choi B, 2017).

Relationship between management behavior and employee behavior: Management’s safety behavior is perceived as a role model for employee behavior. This confirms that the role of management is directly related to the improvement of safety culture and behavior (Gravina, 2019).

Correlation of safe behavior and social cognition: Fugas and colleagues examined the relationship between characteristics of safe behavior and social cognition (Fugas, 2012) He studied different characteristics of behavior and concluded that cognitive behavioral control is more optimal.

The relationship between safe behavior and safety climate: Zohar first developed a safety climate-based model based on a survey of 20 Israeli manufacturing enterprises (Zohar, 1980). He defined «Safety climate as creating behaviors and attitudes that guide employees to adapt to their work environment.» It has been shown that employees’ perceptions of safety climate are based on individual attitudes and perceptions of reality.

Safety Behaviors and Interventions: Kaynes and colleagues developed a comprehensive intervention model for influencing employee safety behaviors (Kines, 2013) He developed a survey of construction companies, and the results showed that safety interventions have a significant effect on improving safety behavior. There were three types of safety intervention: managerial intervention, personal intervention, and technical intervention. Of these, technical intervention was identified as the most important factor influencing safe behavior (Marlina Zaira, 2017).

Mary Dorgan (OHS Board of Ireland Minutes) stated in her publication that «it is not what we do but how we do it that causes accidents». In factories, schools, banks, construction sites, etc., safety is discussed everywhere, and all have in common that people are involved. Then, every individual’s behavior is changeable, and their attitudes, behavior, thoughts, reflections, and actions form the culture of the organization. In the process of accident research, we have learned a lot about machine and equipment malfunctions, but this time we conducted a study about human behavior and accidents caused by incompatibility between people and equipment. 1. To learn the causes of accidents 2. To classify errors 3. To analyze the consequences to improve the work system 4. To study behavior by classifying human errors, we conducted our research in the order of: PHECA (probable human error cause analysis) and SHERPA (systematic human error reduction and prediction) methods have been developed.

On the basis of this research, recommendations have been made to identify the important behaviors that affect safety and guide them to change, and to give importance to the culture and atmosphere of the organization, and make changes by influencing the behavior and actions of individuals.

Researchers from Sheingyu, Lingchao, and Bing from three leading universities in China jointly conducted a study of the impact of hazardous behavior on construction accidents using Bayesian networks. The process of accidents caused by the dangerous behavior of construction workers and the impact of dangerous behavior on this process was analyzed based on the statistical survey of construction accidents in China. Based on available statistical data, Bayesian networks were used to study the probability of transmission from unsafe behavior to accidents. A Bayesian network model was developed by extracting several chains of behavior from 287 accident cases of four types (fall, collapse, collision, lift). This study has theoretical and practical significance in workplace behavior management and accident prevention. The conclusion of this study is that it does not affect the time sequence of the dangerous behavior chain, but it does affect the increase in the probability of the next accident. Therefore, it was concluded that implementing a behavior-based safety program would reduce the likelihood of subsequent accidents.

Among Mongolian researchers, N. Ochirbat (head of the HSE Department of NCD Group) analyzed and prevented human error. In this research, the causes of dangerous situations and accidents related to human factors were classified into the following levels. These include: 1. Individual level (innate, temporary or acquired mental and physiological characteristics), 2. Organizational level (working conditions, community climate, safety training, poor returns on training, material resources, satisfaction … etc.), 3. Social level (insufficient information about workplace hazards and risks and their consequences, errors in the strategy of organizing safety operations… etc. However, the researcher J. Ganchimeg believed that mistakes and violations committed by employees are the result of the influence of any factors, and it is important to look for those influences first of all in the culture of the organization (J.Ganchimeg, 2016).

1. Davaanyam (Head of MHSEPA NGO) and L. Tungalag (Executive Director of SFCS LLC) jointly created the work «Accident and Behavior» and more than 700 theses, interviews with more than 300 academics, and project materials implemented by large international companies. Based on Charles Dweck’s «The Power of Habit», Dr. Carol C. Dweck’s Attitude — The New Psychology of Success, and Judy Egnew’s «Safe by Accident» research. The role and importance of leadership in ensuring security is underestimated. Behavioral style refers to culture and behavior. It is best practice to implement safety-related values ​​through behavior. A behavior-based security model is very simple in form and does well because it covers the whole of behavioral theory. Behavior is determined by its previous life and its consequences. The seven time-wasting HSC tasks are outdated and provide methodological recommendations for introducing new behavioral and attitude-based OHS approaches with these seven OHS tasks and developing effective OHS leadership relationships. A study was conducted on how risky behavior is formed using cause and effect analysis.

A study of Mongolian behavior. From the 12th-13th centuries, the Mongolian nomadic society was dominated by clans, but due to the evolution of economic relations, the process of transition from private property based on animal husbandry to private property became active and began to be organized into groups such as groups of people, towns and families. It can be considered that the tradition of providing historical education through ethnic tsadi has become the real soil and the first foundation of the idea of ​​unity and density of the Mongolian nation and the idea of ​​education. Although there is a lot of urbanization and the concept of spreading urban culture is carried out, the traditional moral education that originated from ancient times is still extremely important. The idea of ​​unity and density is becoming the main focus of education. Nurturing communication is both verbal and non-verbal, but is based on respect.

Rebuke – Punishment – ​​Insight. There was an educational direction aimed at realizing the sins by themselves. When used in training techniques today, it is effective to create a relationship based on respect, identify mistakes differently by the employee, and find appropriate control measures differently.

After finding the owner correctly, the decision of reprimand and reward is made. Reprimand is based on real examples and clear metaphors, and it is important to convince and educate. (Namjil, 2020)

Teaching – Education. Mongolians strictly educate their children from an early age with the traditional and strict «home teaching», which is the foundation of all social behavior. In general, if the home teaching is strong in a country, the social behavior is stable, and if the home teaching is weak, the social behavior becomes chaotic. If they are swayed beyond their limits, the «boys will be scared» and will behave more aggressively, so it is necessary to adjust the weight and lightness of the weight, not the right, and try to tell them not to «skip your heart». (Namjil, 2020) According to this quote, the direct management or senior staff and HSE staff act as teachers, and by being extremely strict with excessive rules, there is a risk of instilling fear in employees, leading them to behave in a hostile manner, become bored with work, and become redundant.

The Mongolian family educational system is a specific system of interconnected tools, methods, and processes required to create organizational, goal-oriented, and educational effects aimed at shaping certain qualities of the individual. Mongolians say that words are powerful and words can awaken people. With words, it revives, injures, revives, brings hopeless thoughts to life, removes boring doubts, encourages to do things, wipes away laughter, brings tears, inspires confidence, and brings strength to the soul. All these features are deeply embedded in Mongolian secret bureaus and historical texts. Genghis Khan’s success in the psychological management of relationships was based on the fact that he respects the thoughts, words and teachings of his colleagues and subordinates, listens carefully to opinions, values ​​mutual understanding and trust, emphasizes honesty and integrity, and does not forget the virtues of people. The forms of material and emotional rewards are used, such as praise, name change, mercy, and no reprimand and punishment for nine accidents. For example.

Revitalize the human spirit

Thinks with awareness, overcomes oneself and finds mental strength

Understands and does not block ideas that attack the soul

Manage your own and others’ emotions

Control the temptations and delusions of the heart

Overcome situational pressure

It can be considered that he did not lose his good side.

One of the core concepts of psychological management is to be able to maintain balance and peace in one’s inner world without being overly emotional.

Mental and intellectual appearance of Mongolians: Research on the behavior of Mongolians is rare, and there is no research on the development of training programs suitable for Mongolians.

The general basis of Mongolian behavior can be seen in the works of foreigners, or foreign scientists and researchers who have been researching history and tourism in Mongolia. However, it is also biased to determine the behavior of all ethnic groups based on a 1-2 year study conducted in Mongolia.

In modern times, the research works of T. Namjil, doctor of educational science and family researcher, have been very helpful in studying the behavior and educational methods of Mongolian people and using them in research.

Predicting Behavior from Attitudes: The first research on this issue was done in 1934 by Richard Lapeer. When he traveled to America with two Chinese couples, he predicted that Asians would not be allowed in hotels and restaurants because of strong discrimination..

«A person’s actions are the best explanation of their thoughts,» said the English philosopher J. Locke. Changes in behavior lead to changes in attitudes. (Bandura, 1989). Social psychologists explain the impact of attitudes in two ways. On the one hand, it is explained in relation to cognitive activities, and on the other hand, it emphasizes the ability of a person to constantly observe himself and control his actions.

1. Conclusion:
2. In this age of rapid technological development, we can effectively combine behavioral and psychological methods with traditional methods to reduce accidents and create a healthy and safe work environment.
3. Behavior-based safety programs have been successfully studied and implemented in high-risk industries in many countries around the world. Building an OHS culture in an organization is effective by focusing employees’ attention on their own safety and that of their colleagues.
4. Behavior-based safety observation methods can be implemented as programs in many ways. It can be implemented in conjunction with risk control measures such as elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment to create a safe and healthy work environment.
5. According to the researchers, behavior-based safety is aimed at increasing the participation of employees through the observation of safety in the workplace, thereby creating a safe workplace. The main goal of a behavior-based safety (BBS) program is to improve the safety culture of employees by increasing their self-awareness and motivation to improve their own safety behavior.
6. Organizations are successfully implementing behavior-based safety programs that encourage increased employee engagement. Research shows that increasing employee participation in safety programs results in a healthier and safer work environment and a reduction in non-compliance, not just accidents.