Introduction

In modern realities, when the conditions and rhythm of life, legislation, and technologies change as quickly as possible, it is difficult for a person to adapt, which affects the emotional well – being of his personality. In psychological science, there is a steady increase in interest in the topic of psychological well-being, including such an aspect as emotional well-being. At the moment, there are not so many studies of this phenomenon. The topic is relevant due to the fact that there are more stressful factors in the world, such as military conflicts, new diseases, economic instability, and an increasing dependence on money as a symbol of success. The purpose of the article is to conduct a theoretical analysis and synthesis of existing approaches that consider the concepts of emotional and psychological well-being of the individual.

Presentation of the main material

Psychological well-being is one of the key factors of psychological health and social adaptation of the individual. Behind this concept lies an inner sense of life satisfaction, the level of subjective happiness of the individual, self-realization. This is not just the absence of anxiety, problems in life, but rather the individual’s feeling that he is living the «right life», revealing his potential. Ponomareva E. Yu. and Andrievskaya L. Yu. give the following definition of psychological well-being: «it is a multi-faceted and multicomponent phenomenon that includes both individual and social aspects, such as self-esteem, ability to adapt, interaction with others, stress level and emotional state» [6].

1. Riff identified six key components of psychological well-being: autonomy, control over the environment, personal growth, positive relationships with others, self-acceptance and goals in life. It is important to note that the Riff model does not have a separate component called «emotional well-being», but positive relationships with others and self-acceptance have a pronounced affective component. This indicates that emotional well-being is embedded in the structure of psychological well-being, rather than isolated from it.

Emotion is a deep characteristic of a person that determines the selectivity of their perception, the uniqueness of their life experience, and the ways they interact with others. As M. D. Robinson notes: «From birth, emotions are also the primary signaling system that informs about intentions and regulates human interaction with the environment» [11].

Skorynin A. A. writes that » currently there are two approaches to understanding the essence of psychological well-being: hedonistic and eudaimonistic. The hedonistic approach considers psychological well-being as a state of psychological comfort with a predominance of positive emotions. From the point of view of the eudaimonistic approach, the most important condition for psychological well-being is the activity of the individual, constant self-development, disclosure of their capabilities and abilities» [8]. One of the representatives of the hedonistic approach is Norman Bradburn – he introduced the concept of «psychological well-being» into scientific use in 1965 and believed that «the structure of psychological well-being consists of two components: positive and negative affect» [4]. Carroll Riff, on the other hand, was a representative of the Eudaimonistic approach to the study of psychological well-being.

Pochtareva E. Yu. and co-authors write that «Psychological well-being is an integrated personal education in the aggregate of subjective, emotional-volitional, motivational-semantic, cognitive resources, the development of which in the process of life determines the variety of manifestations of human mental properties, productivity of interpersonal behavior, and efficiency of activity» [7].

This definition complements the structural model of K. Riff, shifting the emphasis from static components to dynamic capabilities of the individual. It is noteworthy that the authors include emotional and volitional resources in the structure of psychological well-being, which brings it closer to the concept of emotional well-being.

If we consider psychological well-being to be the goal of social progress, then its essence is revealed through the totality of human resources and capabilities. These resources allow individuals to build their lives in accordance with their own goals and value orientations, which, in turn, determines their success, both subjective and objective, in interaction with the social environment, and at various age stages [10].

Emotional well-being of the individual is the core of psychological health, responsible for a positive affective background and life satisfaction. Emotional well-being is understood as a state of internal balance, when a person is able to experience the full range of emotions, respond flexibly and adequately to events in life, effectively regulate their feelings and cope with stress. Odintsovo V. V. and Gorchakova N. M. suggest considering emotional well-being as an «integrative characteristic for evaluating the emotional sphere» [5].

An important aspect of an individual’s emotional well-being is emotional stability. Kachalova A.V., Tarasyan N. A. write that » emotional stability is one of the main conditions for maintaining emotional well-being, an integral property of the psyche, which is expressed in the ability to overcome the state of excessive emotional arousal when performing complex activities, non-exposure of emotional states to negative influences (external and internal). This is one of the psychological factors of reliability, efficiency and success of the activity» [2].

If Odintsovo V. V. and Gorchakova N. M. determine emotional well – being through a function (integrative assessment), then Kachalova A.V. and Tarasyan N. A.-through its condition (emotional stability). Taken together, these definitions allow us to see a two-way relationship: emotional well-being and resilience are mutually supportive, but not identical. You can be emotionally stable, but not successful (for example, when suppressing emotions), and vice versa.

Signs of emotional well-being manifest themselves through certain emotional phases:

• at the sensory-experiential level (guilt, joy);
• at the level of the body phase (body movements, facial expressions, and gestures).
• at the vegetative level (redness of the skin, etc.);
• at the emotional and psychological level (crying, shouting, laughing, and smiling).
• at the socio-psychological level (identity, self-esteem, self-actualization and Self-concept of personality). [2]

These levels complement each other, forming a complete, closely interrelated system. The proposed level structure is important for distinguishing between emotional and psychological well-being: the first three levels are more likely to relate to emotional well-being, while the last two intersect with psychological well-being.

Evzelman N. V. considered the combined construct, having conducted a study in the framework of psychoemotional well-being of the individual and its relationship with stress tolerance. It was found that «women have a significantly higher ability than men to create and maintain warm, trusting relationships with people around them, which indicates their greater willingness to cooperate, show care, and achieve intimacy» [1]. Men in this sample felt more unhappy than women. Respondents who showed higher levels of stress tolerance demonstrate a higher level of psychoemotional well-being. In general, the researcher claims that «psychologically well-off people probably have greater stress tolerance in the conditions of receiving and processing new information, new experience» [1]. The results of the study Evzelman N. V. show that gender differences in psychoemotional well-being are mediated by social and communicative skills.

A number of authors turned to the study of personal resources of well-being. Ketova A.V. presented the results of her research on the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being of students. As a result, she found: «a strong positive relationship between the components of emotional intelligence and psychological well-being» [3]. The researcher also found that 70.1% of the subjects showed a low level of control over their emotions. According to the author: «the ability to manage your emotions has a positive effect on interpersonal interaction, building trusting relationships with others, and the ability to show care and empathy» [3]. There was also a significant correlation between the components «managing one’s own emotions»and» positive attitude towards others». An important conclusion that follows from the data of Ketova A.V. is that high indicators of emotional intelligence do not guarantee psychological well-being if the emotion management component is not developed.

Tsvetkov V. L. and Ivanova A. I. conducted an empirical study, the task of which was to identify the relationship between the values and basic beliefs of the personality of cadets with different levels of emotional well-being and came to the conclusion that: «the study sample is dominated by cadets with a low level of emotional well-being, who have a predominantly egoistic-prestigious orientation, significant values of which are high material condition, own prestige with a high level of claims» [9]. In addition, the researchers found that respondents with a predominantly pragmatic personality orientation also had a low level of emotional well-being. In general, this sample showed a low level of emotional well-being, which depended on their level of socialization and value-semantic orientations.

Conclusions

The analysis of theoretical and practical works has shown that emotional and psychological well-being are the most important components of a person’s psychological health and significantly affect their adaptability, resistance to stress, and the quality of interpersonal relationships. Modern theoretical approaches emphasize the multi-level and dynamic nature of emotional and psychological well-being, and their key determinants are emotional stability, the ability to regulate emotions, the level of emotional intelligence, and personal values. The obtained data confirm the relevance of further study and research of the mechanisms of formation of emotional and psychological well-being and development of practical recommendations for its strengthening in various age groups.